Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Review

Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Review Utilizing the functionalized carbon nanotubes and different nanomaterials to convey the antimicrobial medications, is probably the most utilization of carbon nanotubes. A few investigations were directed about this subject. Amphotericin B (AMB) is one of the primary antimicrobials to be conveyed with CNTs. Wei Wu et al. contemplated the Targeted Delivery of Amphotericin B to Cells by utilizing Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, they utilized oxidized MWCNTs that were functionalized with AMB and FITC. They found that at equal AMB centralization of 10  µg/mL, this CNT conjugate was seen as altogether less cytotoxic to Human Jurkat lymphoma T cells when contrasted with flawless AMB. This CNT-AMB build had the option to infiltrate cells quickly inside 1 h of brooding by unconstrained puncturing system without causing cell passing. At long last, They assessed the antifungal movement of CNTs,functionalized with AmB, against three types of fungi(Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans). In this trial, they utilized AmB that was covalently connected to ammonium functionalized multi-and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-AmB and SWNT-AmB). The functionlized structures was seen as more s trong than free AMB perhaps because of improved medication solvency and the nearness of various duplicates of AMB per CNT particle (for example the multivalence impact) prompting improved restricting partiality between the medication and its target.177 In another different paper by a similar gathering, a comparative MWCNTs AMB build and a recently structured SWCNTs-AMB conjugate with PEG linker were set up with AMB stacking of 25% and 10% w/w, individually. These conjugates were tried for their antifungal exercises in contrast with flawless AMB and a traditional colloidal scattering AMB deoxycholate plan. Both MWCNTs-AMB develop and SWCNTs-AMB conjugate were significantly more than AMB alone. Some fugal strains which were impervious to free AMB demonstrated a noteworthy reaction to the MWCNT-based AMB conjugate.178 In another examination performed by Pruthi et al., AMB was genuinely adsorbed on mannosylated MWCNTs inorder to treat leishmaniasis by accomplishing explicit conveyance of the medication to macrophages. the mannosylated MWCNTs had high partiality to tie lectins and had the option to be taken-up by macrophages in adequate sum. yet, the consequence of this investigation is tragically lacking to help macrophage-focusing on the grounds that a control explore different avenues regarding non-mannosylated MWCNTs was not performed. In spite of the fact that AMB was adsorbed onto the mannosylated MWCNTs and showed a supported in vitro discharge profile, the utilization of Rh B-stacked mannosylated MWCNTs for intracellular fluorescence imaging of macrophages is uncertain in light of the fact that Rh B could be segregated from the MWCNTs before it enters macrophages, which implies that the watched fluorescence is because of free Rh B not the MWCNTs-stacked with Rh B.179 Aside from AMB, dapsone is another case of antimicrobial that has beenâ successfully conveyed with CNTs. It is an antimicrobial and calming drug that can be utilized to treat numerous infections, for example, jungle fever, sickness, AIDS-related toxoplasmosis and other diseases.180 Some bacterial species created protection from dapsone so explores was begun to convey dapsone with CNTs and luckily it was conveyed effectively. Dap-MWCNTs was framed by functionalizing dapsone onto oxidized MWCNTs. Dap-MWCNTs were first tried on rodent peritoneal macrophages it was quickly ingested with overwhelming endosomal restriction without noteworthy cytotoxicity. Dap-MWCNTs indicated numerous focal points as it instigated less apoptosis than oxidized MWCNTs and had a lower level of oxidative pressure. Then again, apoptosis of macrophages is significant for freedom of intracellular pathogen, so the postponed apoptosis seen by Dap-MWCNTs might be nonsensical in the treatment of infection.181 In anoter study, Pazufloxacin mesylate, an anti-microbial having a place with the class of fluoroquinolones, was adsorbed onto MWCNTs functionalized with ethylenediamine. In vitro discharge proposed that the adsorption of pazufloxacin comprises of two stages, the first is a fast blasted discharge followed by a second period of supported discharge. The aggregate sum of discharged pazufloxacin from the amino-functionalized CNTs was higher at pH 5.7 than pH 7.0, because of increment hydrophilicity in acidic condition. This could be profitable in the treatment of contaminations, because of the acidic condition of the tainted cells.182 In another hand, gentamicin, an aminoglycoside anti-toxin, was fused into collagen hydrogel doped with 1% w/w CNTs which filled in as an added substance to upgrade the physical solidness of the hydrogel and retard the arrival of gentamicin. The hindered discharge impact had a spot in the arrangement of sporadic CNT organize in the hydrogel which blocked dissolvable dissemination. Be that as it may, The nearness of CNTs can initiate a straightforward compound fascination among CNTs and gentamicin, and henceforth improve the medication stacking which could influence the medication discharge rate.183 Furthermore, chloroquine is an enemy of malarial medication that additionally has lysomotropic impact. Because of their capacity to cause expanding and crack of endocytic vesicles, lyosomotropic mixes have been proposed to be utilized as an added substance to upgrade quality transfection by empowering convenient break and limiting corruption of conveyed hereditary material in lysosomes. For additional improvement of quality conveyance with CNTs, chloroquine was stacked onto DWCNTs covered with cationic polymer PEI and plasmid encoding for luciferase. Chloroquine can be discharged from the CNTs in acidic condition.Coating chloroquine with cationic polymer and plasmid can firmly influence chloroquine stacking. Transfection productivity can be improved up to five overlays by acquaintance of chloroquine contrasted and a non-chloroquine stacked control. Tragically this build has restricted uses as a biocompatible transfecting specialist since it was found to have more cytotoxic impacts to cells than the non-chloroquine stacked control and free chloroquine. Later on, this build may end up being viable as a treatment of intracellular intestinal sickness disease and the incredible intracellular conveyance of chloroquine can clarify the higher watched cytotoxicity.184 In another examination, Annamalai Senthil Kumar et al. utilized an electrochemical course for profoundly specific immobilization of amoxicillin (AMX) on multiwalled carbon nanotube changed shiny carbon terminals (GCE/[emailprotected]), with no linkers and surface functionalization. So as to uncover the immobilization of AMX both on the inward and external (surface) dividers of the carbon nanotubes. They usedX-beam diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and checking electron microscopy. At last, they tried its antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in correlation with the unmodified AMX and MWNT utilizing circle dispersion technique. They found that [emailprotected] has improved antibacterial action against the three bacterial pathogens185 Liangliang Ji et al. considered the adsorption of two sulfonamide to MWCNTs. Nonporous, unadulterated graphite was utilized as a near adsorbent The outcomes uncovered thatthe two sulfonamides have a solid adsorption to both MWNT and graphite which can be clarified by( Ï€-Ï€ electron coupling)186 In another investigation, Xin Zhang et al, considered the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on various carbon nanotube typesand contrasted the outcomes with the adsorption with regular sorbents including soils, residue and slops. Numerous properties of carbon nanotubes added to the adsorption procedure, for example, surface zone, distances across and surface utilitarian gatherings. They indicated that the adsorption coefficients of SMX on CNTs were for the most part twicehigher in size than other regular sorbents..187 Also, Liangliang Ji et al. contemplated the impact of watery arrangement compound qualities on the antibiotic medication adsorption onSWNT and MWNTsuch as the impact of ionic quality (NaCl and CaCl2), the outcomes indicated that there is a backwards connection between the ionic quality and the antibiotic medication adsorption on both SWNT and MWNT. They additionally considered the impact of Cu2†+ion (7.5 mg/L) that showeda higher antibiotic medication adsorption rate to both SWNT and MWNT because of cation spanning instrument. They at long last examined the impact of broke up soil coal humic acids (50 mg/L) , and the outcomes uncovered that these acids minimally affect SWNT while on graphite and MWNT it has a concealment impact on antibiotic medication adsorption.188 As per ciprofloxacin, S.A.C. Carabineiro et al. contemplated the adsorption limit of ciprofloxacin on three kinds of carbon based materials: actuated carbon, carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon xerogel that were functionalized through oxidation with nitric corrosive then they were heat rewarded at various temperatures (somewhere in the range of 350 and 900  °C) under a progression of N2. They showed that the adsorption limit influenced contrarily when the examples were treated with nitric corrosive. While warm medicines, particularly at 900 °C after oxidation, improve adsorption performance.189 In another examination, S. Ashok Kumar and Sea-Fue Wang examined the balancing out of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by watery arrangement of ciprofloxacin. It was discovered that MWCNTs can be settled by ciprofloxacinand the scatterings were steady for more than a month.190 Recently, Haibo Li et al. examined the impact of PH and temperature on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on various fu nctionalized CNTs like: carboxylized (MC), hydroxylized (MH), single-walled CNTs (SW)and graphitized multi-walled CNTs (MG).They discovered thatSW had the most elevated assimilation rate for ciprofloxacin among all CNTs because of its biggest surface zone and they found this is valid for all PHs .Also, ciprofloxacinsorption was thermodynamically great For SW, while the converse procedure was watched for MC and MG. For MH, ciprofloxacin sorption

Continuous Expansion of its Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Persistent Expansion of its Economy - Assignment Example On the off chance that Hip-jump sells CDs at 11, Gerries sells it at 10 and the last gets 1800 month to month deals. On the off chance that Hip-bounce sells at 10, still Gerries gets 1800. A low cost of 10 is the predominant technique on the grounds that Gerries gets it regardless of how much the value Hip-bounce sells the CDs. The retailers have the alternative to sell the CDs at 10 or 11, and they can have a pre-promise to meet the opposition. On the off chance that both sell at 10, they get 2000 every month to month deals, and on the off chance that they sell at 11, they get 1800 every month to month deals. This is the predominant cost. They can connive effectively, which means they consent to sell this at this cost. Be that as it may, every ha the alternative to control or to fight back. Gerries can outmaneuver Hip-jump or Hip-bounce can outfox Gerries, making the 360 - 1600 deals for the 10 - 11 auction. The two of them can fight back on the grounds that the thing that matters is just 1. What's more, what is 1 But what is 1 in the event that you increase it with the quantity of CDs sold in a month The figure is tempting to the psyche of a retailer/agent since it would appear to be huge: 1 x nos. of CDs in a month would appear to be large. In any case, on the off chance that we follow our lattice, the image is certain that on the off chance that one sells at 11 and the other 10, the person who sells high will just get 360 and the other 1600. Two drive-through joint chains, BurgerBinge and McGinnis, are thinking about outlets inside a similar little shopping center. On the off chance that the two of them start activities they will each lose 100,000 dad. In the event that just one sets up it will win 250,000 dad. benefits. Draw up the result network. Utilize the framework to characterize and clarify the idea of first mover advantage. In the main mover advantage, a game is in balance when neither one of the players has a motivating force to change their decision. This implies the two players have chosen to set up their outlets. In the event that they pull back or don't set up, the game isn't in balance. In the network, if BurgerBinge sets up the outlet alone, he gets 250,000 benefits dad, yet in the event that McGinnis sets up as well, the two of them will lose 100,000 each. At the point when both don't set up, they won't have benefits, and the game isn't in balance. Â

Educational Apps for Students

Educational Apps for Students Educational Apps that Help You Get Smarter Home›Tips for Students›Educational Apps that Help You Get Smarter Tips for StudentsBest educational apps for students“Educational”, or, in other words, such which is intended to educate and enlighten, is a widely used adjective meant to describe the main purpose of all the means and tools for studying. Among those tools, apps for studying should be distinguished as the most helpful for modern students. However, a huge variety of app offerings often make it difficult to make the right choice. With the help of our short guide on the best educational apps, it will be much easier to improve your studying efforts and expand your knowledge. EdXA huge portfolio of higher education courses (mainly in science), which edX suggests on the not-for-profit basis is a perfect opportunity to broaden your knowledge with the help of both timed and self-paced classes. The courses are free, except for those semester-long courses for undergraduate and g raduate credits.Khan AcademyThe completely free tutorials with exercises will impress you with generous language and video subtitles support. Its objective is to provide “a world-wide education for everyone” and help students to both improve the existing knowledge and discover new interesting topics.Studious It is a perfect companion for your studying process as it keeps on track all your homework and is responsible for reminding to complete your tasks on time. Its another advantage is that Studious determines the behaviors of your phone making it vibrate or be completely silent during classes, depending on the settings you’ve specified before. My Study LifeAnother educational app with the assistance of which you’ll find it easier to manage your student life is My Study Life. It allows a student to add, store and synchronize his or her classes, home tasks and exams. Moreover, My Study Life enables a student to share timetables with teachers and classmates as well as reminds about unfinished assignments or upcoming tests. StudyBlueAn app with the help of which you can create, edit, copy and share your digital flashcards without charge, also provides you with an opportunity to quiz yourself, keep track of the personal progress and synchronize all your information with the devices you possess.   TED Talks videos is a unique platform for personal development, with the help of which each student can get to know more about other people’s experience. This app doesn’t bear educational purpose only, but is aimed at influencing people’s outlook and shaping our general perception of the world: the way it was, the way it is and the way it should or will be. EasyBib It is an app which helps the students to create and format bibliographies quickly, easy, without pain and endless efforts to arrange the information properly. Moreover, EasyBib is simple in the usage. Just visit the site, choose the appropriate source and click the bottom format to get a correct a utomatically changed bibliography.WoybUseful innovative memory app for students. Brain Training App for android and iphone that really works. Your exams will be prepared in time using this app. Its your best study strategy! Try it now for free on App Store and Google Play!Other helpful and worth mentioning apps for students that have a bit specific purpose are Periodic Table, which helps to learn more about the elements and is more useful for Chemistry students and Star Walk, which provides the students with the information about celestial bodies and celestial events. Get smarter with these educational apps, designed specially for you!

Obamacare The Patient Protection Care And Affordable...

INTRODUCTION: Obamacare is commonly called as The Patient Protection Care and Affordable Care Act. It was signed and introduced by the former president of United States, President Barack Obama on March 23rd 2010. It’s core principle is to expand coverage and provide basic healthcare security to all (Affordable Care Act History). AIM: Obamacare is here to stay. The main aim of this policy brief is to uncover the advantages and disadvantages of Obamacare and to prove that Obamacare has become an important entity in the health system of America and repealing it would cause severe inconveniences to the society. Under the ACA, more than 30 million uninsured were served. The policies of ACA were planned to be achieved by expanding Medicaid and by providing federal subsidies to aid the middle and lower socioeconomic class of Americans. This was considered as the largest middle class tax-cut in the history of health care (Affordable Care Act History). President Donald John Trump, the new president elect of the United States of America during his election campaigns had expressed that Obamacare has been nothing but a hindrance and he wished to repeal it. He called it a total disaster (Engel. P). But recently, he admitted in his interviews that repealing Obamacare right from it’s base would be difficult to do a nd hence parts of it will still be in action (Robb. R). People with preexisting conditions will especially still be covered (Donald Trump open toShow MoreRelatedObamacare : The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesHave you even wonder what the actual advantages of ObamaCare are and how they affect people? ObamaCare otherwise known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is designed to aid American on acquiring health insurance, especially those who are unable to receive coverage thru their jobs, the sick and the poor. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law on early 2010 and ever since, it has set strict regulations against insurance companies over who to insure. Therefore, it givesRead MoreObamacare : The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1376 Words   |  6 Pagesno one actually knows what Obamacare does? People are always talking about how it is evil or how it is amazing, but if you ask people to define wha t it is, they really can not tell you. All they can do is repeat some small part of it that they critique. I have yet to meet anyone that really understands what Obamacare is, and what it does. That is the question I am going to try to answer with my research paper; what is Obamacare, and what does it do? First off, Obamacare isn’t really the name of theRead MoreObamacare : The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act947 Words   |  4 PagesOBAMACARE† at best The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often referred to as â€Å"Obamacare,† was signed into law March 23, 2010, by President Barrack Obama and has been at the center of highly and critical debate in healthcare coverage since than. The Affordable Care Act (AAC) purpose is intended to provide a large majority of uninsured Americans including those with insurance with reasonable and fair health care coverage that is affordable, adequate and accessible to high quality treatmentRead MoreObamacare : The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1105 Words   |  5 PagesObamaCare, officially known os the the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is a health care reform law signed in 2010 by President Barack Obama. Many of the law’s provisions are already in effect and the rest continue to roll out until 2022. Obama care offers patients ways to afford healthcare and get better treatment. The plan to put Obamacare into effect started in 2010 but was actually put into action in 2014. The Affordable Care Act also known as Obamacare increases the quality, accessibilityRead MoreObamacare : Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1830 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Paper: Obamacare The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly called Affordable Care Act or, more informally known as, Obamacare, is a United States federal ruling signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the most drastic refurbish of the United States healthcare system since the Government passed the Medicare and Medicaid in 1965(healthcare.gov). This act is supposedRead MoreObamacare And Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act2262 Words   |  10 PagesThe Affordable Care Act which is also known as Obamacare and Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was signed into law on March 23, 2010 and it has not been without its share of problems, debates and controversies. One of the main points of contention with the PPACA is the individual mandate. This paper will look at the worldviews that are involved in the individual mandate, the worldviews of those that oppose th e mandate, the roles and limits of the government’s side of the mandateRead MoreEssay on ObamaCare - The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act1445 Words   |  6 Pagesis ObamaCare? ObamaCare is â€Å"The unofficial name for The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was signed into law on March 23, 2010. Obamacares health care reform offers Americans a number of new benefits, rights, and protections in regards to their healthcare and setting up a Health Insurance Marketplace where Americans can purchase Federally regulated and subsidized health insurance† (â€Å"What is ObamaCare/ What is Obama Care., 1). In this paper I’m going to explore if ObamaCare is worthRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Health Care Act ( Obamacare )2199 Words   |  9 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act aka Obamacare, has been the largest, and most challenging, adjustment to the United States health system in the past 60 years. à ¢â‚¬Å"Obamacare’s main focus is on providing more Americans with access to affordable health insurance, improving the quality of health care and health insurance, regulating the health insurance industry, and reducing health care spending in the US.† (http://obamacarefacts.com/whatis-obamacare/) Referenced Obamacare in shortRead MoreObamacare : The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act ( Ppaca )1237 Words   |  5 PagesObamaCare, officially known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) but sometimes also referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) for short, reforms the health insurance industry and the American health care system as a whole. The law brings forth many changes for the American families that make healthcare more affordable and accessible. The law focuses on four aspects of improvements in healthcare for Americans: affordable insurance for individuals and small business owners,Read MoreThe Patient Protection Affordable Care Act E ssay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare, was passed in June of 2010 by the Supreme Court (Doyle 1). Georges C. Benjamin, MD, the executive director of the Public Health Association says: The new law will guarantee millions of Americans access to quality, affordable care regardless of health status; decrease rates of the nation’s leading chronic diseases; control soaring health spending; and strengthen our battered public health infrastructure†¦ Health reform

Drugs And Its Effects On Society - 932 Words

Drug use in America has affected society as a whole since the 1970’s, when drugs such as cocaine and other narcotics became relatively easy for user to purchase in amount unheard of prior. No matter what the choice of drug a user is addicted to, the effects of drug abuse has the same outcome; to include addiction, depression, and criminal activity which affects everybody in society from small children to an adults. Kids today are subject to be exposed to illicit drugs any day of the week. Whether they choose to experiment with these drugs or not, depends on the power they have to overcome peer pressure or other obstacles they face. Illicit drugs do not pick the people they affect, the people choose the drugs to affect themselves and the lives of others, and this is true for children and adults. Adult drugs users often give birth to children who are exposed to drugs at birth. Often times when a child is exposed to drug at an earlier age they will experiment with illicit dr ugs. Even though some children are exposed to drugs at an earlier age, some grow up to become non drug users do to the fact they choose to go down the right path to make good with their lives. Studies have shown that in 2014 the use of illicit drugs among all grades of school children was at 27.2 percent, which was down from its peak 34.1 percent in 1997. (DrugFacts: High School and Youth Trends., n.d.) Most of the children that are using these illicit drugs are due to various reasons such as lack ofShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Its Effects On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Certain drugs have become very popular among teens at dance clubs, parties, raves, and other crowded social gatherings. These drugs are known as â€Å"club drugs†. The most commonly used substances amongst teens are MDMA (ecstasy, or molly), GHB, and Methamphetamine (meth). The effects of these different drugs vary. Stimulant drugs such as ecstasy and meth affects the hormone in your body, known as serotonin; which controls sleep cycles and the feeling of happiness. Teens often mix ecstasyRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society955 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs are as defined by the dictionary as a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body this means that everything from coffee to alcohol can be considered a drug. Drugs have been made and used by people since 5000 B.C by the Sumerians. They have had both a positive and negative impact on society, they can help us get over a sickness within a couple of days, however drugs have also been used as a way to get high. Using drugs, noRead MoreDrugs And Its Effect On Society1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe official definition of drugs is a substance which has a physiological effect when introduced to the body. Drugs have been a part of human culture since the beginning of recorded history. People have use drugs for all sorts of reasons whether it is for a religious mind altering ritual, to save someone’s life or just to make themselves feel better, and they are still widely prevalent in today’s culture. We all know someone who currently partakes in drugs whether they choose to share that informationRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Its Effects On Society1670 Words   |  7 PagesMany people don’t consider the real effects of drugs when they are about to use it. In today’s society, there are various types of drugs or substances that are either on the legal or illegal side. Just because a substance is legal does not ma ke it beneficial and vice versa. The main categories of drugs are stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The drug category that I would like to focus on is stimulants. The most heavily and frequently used stimulant, which is caffeine. Never does it crossRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Its Effects On Society1221 Words   |  5 Pages Now, there are lots of teenagers all over the world /use drug. And it /becomes a very normal thing in social. Why /the teenagers want to use drug? Drugs/ blur memory, causing blank spots. When a person tries to get information through this cloudy mess, he can’t do it. Drugs make a person feel slow or stupid and cause him to have failures in life. And as he has more failures and life gets harder, he wants more drugs to help him deal with the problem. There are two very important reasonsRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1869 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, the use of drugs, both for recreational and medical purposes, has had a profound impact on society that is still prevalent in today’s society. After the end of the Second World War, the pharmaceutical industry was booming and drugs became this tool that could solve all of human’s problems. Many companies invested in this area which led to many breakthroughs for cures; however, during this time period, another branched stemmed from all of this glory of drugs. The 1960s drug culture was a majorRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society893 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs are everywhere. There are many reasons why people turn to drugs, such as peer pressure, depression, and etc. Using drugs is a choice that many people decide to do. Drugs can get prescribed by people such as doctors and psychiatrists and those drugs can be used to help cure the body. Even with those prescribed drugs some like to abuse them, which can have a negative effect on our bodies and can lead to many different things. Things such as possibly going to jail, losing your job , ruin relationshipsRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1468 Words   |  6 PagesMethamphetamine, a drug that for years has been sweeping our nation and claiming countless lives. Why are people turning to this drug knowing what it can and will do to you? This drugs affects so many lives around the world, even those who choose to not do it. I, myself, have been affected by this drug. Throughout all my teen years I watched own my mother fall to this awful addiction. This drug will completely rip lives apart, destroy families, and ultimately murder its user. I was lucky, in a wayRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1413 Words   |  6 PagesFor thousands of years, drugs have been used in some way, form, or fashion. Drugs have not always been the way that we know them to be today, but people have been creative and have used what has been made available to them to use drugs, whether they knew it or not. Most of these early drug-users either used out of tradition and a rituali stic culture or because there was a need for some type of healing. The drug and stimulant, cocaine, is extracted from the coca plant. This plant is native to SouthRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society1736 Words   |  7 Pagesforever or go away through therapy and treatment. For some people their escape is through drugs. They obtain this bad habit because drugs allows them to forget everything negative. Some people choose to use drugs because of household situations. Others choose drugs because they feel pressure from friends. There are also some that want to get away from a painful reality. According to Maria Salinas (2012), â€Å"Drugs are chemicals. They work in the brain by tapping into the brain’s communication system and

Marx long ago wrote that philosophers Free Essays

One of most controversial socio-political ideas, which advocators of social change want to incorporate within the context of society, is egalitarianism. Egalitarianism aims to ensure that equality is being observed among men. Equality is viewed in egalitarian stance, in the sense that each individual must be treated equally and fairly wherein economic opportunities are available to all and wealth is distributed evenly. We will write a custom essay sample on Marx long ago wrote that philosophers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, egalitarianism presupposes that each individual should have an equal social worth and moral status. John Locke posits the basic tenets of egalitarianism, which explicitly state that the validation of our natural rights will lead to the realization of social change. First, each individual has the right to do everything she chooses; in so far that he/she will not infringe other’s rights, in forms of fraud, force, violence, and the likes. Second, each individual has the right to ensure his/her safety, except if she gave up this right or transfer to others or to the government. And most importantly, each and everyone is the owner of themselves and all infants must be nurtured properly until they reach their adulthood by those who biologically create them. Thus, Locke’s concept of egalitarianism is focus on self-ownership. In this milieu, we can infer that egalitarianism proposed by Locke is geared towards social change because even if it gives so much stress on self-ownership, it can never denied that the validation of one’s natural rights is the primary step for equality among men, which happens to be the epicenter of man’s struggle.   Justice is served when there is equality. The basic drive of egalitarianism springs from the contrast between the claim of every human being to an equal status, in respect simply of our common humanity, and the inequality of income and wealth. That equality of status is expressed in our notion of rights inherent in every human being, by reason only of his or her sentient existence. We speak of ‘human rights’, and expect them to be recognized in every land, whatever the structure of its society or the policy of its government, simply because the inhabitants are human beings as are we. Every person who shares with us the experience of voyaging on this planet between birth and death is in like case with us, and in some respects is entitled to an equal consideration. Those respects appear in civic rights, such as free speech, access to justice, the vote, and protection of property. They appear also where duties are imposed, such as conscription, or jury service; even taxation is required to lay an equal burden on households’ ability to pay. In all these and other respects, we feel it wrong to accord or deny rights to people according to their parentage, their abilities, their attainments and even (except in extreme cases) their conduct. Increasingly in recent years it has been held that we should make no distinction by gender. We rate the standing of a country in the scale of civilization by the extent to which it observes these rights. Yet even where they are observed most fully, and the people pride themselves on their civic equality, they are divided from one another by great differences in their income and wealth, with all the consequent differences in their way of life. The spirit of humanity works in one way, the market economy in quite another. To many people who look for no revolutionary change, this disparity is shocking. Contrariwise, egalitarianism for Karl Marx is necessary for as long as it is construed that capitalism is eliminated altogether, in which the existence of inequalities among men in the arena of economic market will not be ruled by capitalist establishments. Marx argues that it is permissible to distribute economic goods based on the criterion emphasized by norms, and not by capitalists. Norm is the basis for equal rights because people will not be exploited since the economic earnings that a person will be getting is justified by his/her labor contribution, or as the catchphrase, â€Å"to each according to his contribution†.[1] But since this kind of reasoning is still problematic, Marx posits that this will only be a stepping stone, until a society reaches a higher communist status wherein the law will be â€Å"to each according to his needs†.   Marx furthers that a society, in order to acquire a just society, must not equate norms to any moral principle because incorporating such concept emanates an attitude of enforcement. If Locke claims that self-ownership is the key in actualizing egalitarian perspective, Marx, on the one hand, construes that is the realization of a utopian society. Self-ownership is lacking for Marx because a person is still vulnerable to any kind of exploitations, especially in economic market and labor, wherein those who cannot claim their self will be left to be exploited. He postulates that exploitation (in terms of labor, economic distribution, etc.) will only be annihilated if the society will reach its utopian status because for this status to be realized, it is a principal prerequisite that every member of a society participates in a societal operation that gives value to one’s ability, and with regards to what the individual can contribute in that society it should not be attacked by any prejudices and biases. Everyone is equal even if there is a diversity of abilities or contributions. If equality exists within one’s society, then social change is achievable. It must be noted that social change asks for the re-landscaping of society’s status quo. And in present times, the distribution of wealth and equal opportunities is of major concern. Reference: Henry, B. P. (1991). Egalitarianism and the Generation of Inequality (Reprint ed.): Oxford University Press, USA. [1] Henry, B.P. Egalitarianism and the Generation of Inequality. Oxford Univ. Press, p. 122. How to cite Marx long ago wrote that philosophers, Essay examples

Muslim in America free essay sample

In the article Muslim in America authors Jeffrey Sheler and Michael Betzold describe the hardships of being a Muslim in modern American society, they also give us in depth look at the normality of these American citizens and how they do not differ from any other ethnic group, how they yearn for acceptance, and how theyre adapting to American life. Muslims feel very much at home in Middle America(655). As a Muslim who has grown up in America I related to this article on so many levels. Even though racism exists and the world is full of ignorant people, you cant never truly grasp the idea until youre a victim of it. Around the time of the September 11 attacks, I went to the mall with my aunt who was wearing a hijab or a traditional Islamic covering. Every store we walked into the reactions were the same and the customer service horrible. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Store clerks would just turn away instead of greeting or welcoming us to the store, you could see the discomfort and revulsion on their faces as they checked us out. This truly sadden me, and showedme how hateful and ignorant people were. In a post 911 world being a Muslim in America has proven to be extremely difficult. Islam has been present in North America for a very long time; however it still remained an unfamiliar to most Americans. The attacks on the World Trade Centers on September 11 shed a gloomy light to this misunderstood and unknown religion. The tragic events of September 11 had a deep impact on most Americans. We mourn for the 3,000 innocent lives that were lost, we were shocked by the cruelty of mankind and most importantly we were surprised that religion was the justification for these heinous acts. There are 1. 2 billion Muslims in the world, and the group of radicals that committed those acts did not represent all of those people. However, people were angry, confused, and were looking for answers; so innocent Americans became scapegoats for simply sharing the same faith as the attackers. Most American Muslims have assimilated to American society pretty well. Most American Muslims are hardworking, law abiding, middle class citizens. The seven million Americans who call America home are very diverse. Coming from 22 different nationalities, and 1/3 being of African American descent (656). From Dearborn, Michigan to the culturally diverse New York City, discrimination against Muslims, vandalizing of Muslim shops, even bomb threats of mosques were reported. It seemed as though we were treating hatred with hatred, instead of calling for an understanding people were lashing out against this religion, and everything it stood for. You cannot fight fire with fire, and understanding is c rucial in the world today. Communication is the main component in understanding each other. In a country as diverse as ours, being familiar with different religions, and cultures is extremely important. At the end of the day, no matter who or where we worship we all have the same goal to live in a peaceful world, and achieving the harmonic dream requires a collective effort. We must eradicate racism, and talk openly about our ignorance and continue to learn from each other, in order to create a more pleasant world for this generation and the generations to come.

Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Example

Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Example Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Industrialization and AppalachiaThe Industrial revolution did non skip over Appalachia but the native mountain people did non profit from the effects of industrialisation and were left in a worse state of affairs. The stereotype of the Appalachian people that was formed prior to the industrialisation epoch was that mountain people were baronial. barbarian. independent. proud. rugged. dirty and uneducated. The industrialists to advance economic development and industrialisation of Appalachia used this backward image of the Appalachian people. They believed that the native Appalachian people were incapable of developing the Appalachian Mountains natural resources on their ain.However in seeking to maintain up with the modern universe during the industrial revolution the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image. Until the epoch of industrialisation Appalachia was a part of little. open-country communities. concentrated in vales. coves and hollows. Each community of farms was self-sufficing socially and economically. The focal point of a self-sufficing husbandman was that of endurance by working in their ain harvests and runing or raising farm animal for nutrient.They tended to hold big households to assist with all the demands of the farm. After the Civil War Northerners came into the southern Appalachian Mountains. and many were surprised by what they found. They f ound a battalion of mineral and timber wealth every bit good as a romantic beauty of the mountain landscape. Capitalists responded to this find and began to industrialise the Appalachian Mountains for their ain net income. Capitalists believed that the Appalachian people were excessively backward to cognize that they were sitting on an copiousness of resources so they manipulated the mountain climbers into selling big sums of land for fundamentally nil.As Eller wrote in his book Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. some sold full mountains for a mule. Equus caballus or rifle . Industrialization depended foremost upon the edifice of an equal transit system into. out of. and within the mountain parts of the South. The railway was built and it opened the doors to the full development of the mountains natural resources. Coal and timber extraction were the primary resources that drove the Industrial Revolution in Appalachia. The extraction of these resources required the employment of the Appalachian husbandman.The mountain climber left their farms for pay employment and became dependent on that. The uncontrolled flow of the coal and lumber industry took up immense secret plans of farming area and forced households to travel to the excavation towns. With the presence of the coal and lumber companies in topographic point. the mountain climber could non trust to be more than hardly self-sufficing. The country industrialized without developing sufficient substructure to prolong itself. destining the mountain people to poverty. The mean mountain climber had been an independent kind of individual. running his ain farm. raising a household and constructing his ain hereafter. When brought into coal. lumber. and textile towns. he was at the clemency of his employer. The mountain climber became wholly dependent on his employer and was forced into awful conditions. Besides this dependance to his employer the mountain climber could non travel back to his old place topographic point and farm once more because the film editing of lumber ruined agribusiness.One of the most of import consequences of industrialisation in Appalachia has been the negative impact it has had on the long-run economic wellness of the part. None of the industries in Appalachia. and particularly non the coal industry. encouraged rival or spin-off economic development during their roar old ages. The consequence has been sporadic economic growing without existent economic development ( A Handbook to Appalachia. 15 ) . In Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. Eller’s thesis was that while Appalachia had undergone industrialisation. the part itself failed to overhaul.He argues that during and after the industrialisation procedure mountain people lost their independency and self-government of their ascendants. without going full participants in the benefits of the modern universe. The mountain people found that the turning prosperity had bred greater dependance on the system beyond t heir control. Worst of all. none of the wealth the industrialists stripped from the mountains remained at that place. The industrial revolution was non decently development in Appalachia and it left the Appalachian people hapless and hardly able to care for themselves. So it is obvious that. in seeking to maintain up with the modern universe. the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image or stereotype.Plants cited1. A Handbook to Appalachia. an debut to the part ; edited by Grace Toney Edwards. JoAnn Aust Asbury. Ricky L. Cox Copyright 2006 by theUniversity of Tennessee Pres/Knoxville. 2. Eller. Ronald D. Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. The University of Tennessee Press. 1982.

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator French inventor Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–Aug. 19, 1662) was one of the most reputed mathematicians and physicists of his time. He is credited with inventing an early calculator, amazingly advanced for its time, called the Pascaline. Fast Facts: Blaise Pascal Known For: Mathematician and inventor of an early calculatorBorn: June 19, 1623 in Clermont, FranceParents: Étienne Pascal and his wife Antoinette BegonDied: August 19, 1662 in Port-Royal abbey, ParisEducation: Home-schooled, admitted to meetings of the French Academy, studies at Port-RoyalPublished Works: Essay on Conic Sections (1640), Pensà ©es (1658), Lettres Provinciales (1657)Inventions: Mystic Hexagon, Pascaline calculatorSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Blaise Pascal was born at Clermont on June 19, 1623, the second of three children of Étienne and Antoinette Bà ©gon Pascal (1596–1626). Étienne Pascal (1588–1651) was a local magistrate and tax collector at Clermont, and himself of some scientific reputation, a member of the aristocratic and professional class in France known as noblesse de robe. Blaises sister Gilberte (b. 1620) was his first biographer; his younger sister Jacqueline (b. 1625) earned acclaim as a poet and dramatist before becoming a nun. Antoinette died when Blaise was 5. Étienne moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to prosecute his own scientific studies and partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise Pascal was kept at home in order to ensure he was not being overworked, and his father directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages. He requested that mathematics not be introduced until his son was 15. This naturally excited the boys curiosity, and one day, being then 12 years old, he asked what geometry was. His tutor replied that it was the science of constructing exact figures and of determining the proportions between their different parts. Blaise Pascal, stimulated no doubt by the injunction against reading it, gave up his play-time to this new study, and in a few weeks had discovered for himself many properties of figures, and in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. In response, his father brought him a copy of Euclid. A genius from a young age, Blaise Pascal composed a treatise on the communication of sounds at the age of 12, and at the age of 16 he composed a treatise on conic sections. A Life of Science At the age of 14, Blaise Pascal was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians, from which, ultimately, the French Academy sprung. In 1641, at the age of 18, Pascal built his first arithmetical machine, an instrument which, eight years later, he further improved and called the Pascaline. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then turning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. He repeated Torricellis experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-Dà ´me. The Pascaline The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far back as the early  17th century. Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the  Pascaline  to help his father, by then a French tax collector, count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (ones column) moved 10 notches, the second dial moved one notch to represent the tens column reading of 10. When the second dial moved 10 notches, the third dial (hundreds column) moved one notch to represent one hundred, and so on. Blaise Pascals Other Inventions Roulette Machine Blaise Pascal introduced a very primitive version of the roulette machine in the 17th century. The roulette was a by-product of Blaise Pascals attempts to invent  a  perpetual motion machine. Wrist Watch The first reported person to actually wear a  watch  on the wrist was Blaise Pascal. Using a piece of string, he attached his pocket watch to his wrist. Religious Studies In 1650 while he was in the midst of this  research, Blaise Pascal suddenly abandoned his favorite pursuits to study religion, or, as he says in his Pensà ©es, contemplate the greatness and the misery of man. At about the same time, he persuaded the younger of his two sisters to enter the Benedictine abbey of Port-Royal. In 1653, Blaise Pascal had to administer his fathers estate. He took up his old life again and conducted several experiments on the pressure exerted by gases and liquids. It was also about this period that he invented the arithmetical triangle, and together with Fermat he created the calculus of probabilities. He was meditating marriage when an accident again turned his thoughts to religious life. He was driving a four-in-hand carriage on November 23, 1654, when the horses ran away. The two leaders dashed over the parapet of the bridge at Neuilly, and Blaise Pascal was saved only by the traces breaking. Death Always somewhat of a mystic, Pascal considered this a special summons to abandon the world. He wrote an account of the accident on a small piece of parchment, which for the rest of his life he wore next to his heart to perpetually remind him of his covenant. He moved to Port-Royal shortly after, where he continued to live until his death in Paris on August 19, 1662. Constitutionally delicate, Pascal had injured his health by his incessant study; from the age of 17 or 18 he suffered from insomnia and acute dyspepsia, and at the time of his death he was physically worn out. He neither married nor had children, and at the end of his life he became an ascetic. Modern scholars have attributed his illness to a variety of possible ailments, including gastrointestinal tuberculosis, nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and/or irritable bowel syndrome. Legacy Blaise Pascals contribution to computing was recognized by computer scientist Nicklaus Wirth, who in 1972 named his new computer language Pascal (and insisted that it be spelled Pascal, not PASCAL). The Pascal (Pa) is a unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise Pascal, whose experiments greatly increased knowledge of the atmosphere. A pascal is the force of one newton acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of pressure designated by the International System.100,000 Pa 1000 mb or 1 bar. Sources OConnell, Marvin Richard. Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the Heart.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.  OConnor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. Blaise Pascal. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1996. WebPascal, Blaise. Pensà ©es. Trans. W.F. Trotter. 1958. Intro. T.S. Eliot. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. Print.Simpson, David. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2013. Web.  Wood, William.  Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall: The Secret Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History - Research Paper Example The Minoan civilization is the oldest Greek and the oldest European civilization. Many characteristics define the Minoan civilization. One, there are palaces everywhere to be found and it stretches to the whole entire island. Every city has no walls around it. There is no fear of foreign attack and no domestic enemies of war. Every road is paved. It is during this time that the first flushable toilet is made since France in 1701 AD. The Minoan civilization is also engaged in a lot of trade and is rich and healthy. Every home has two stories. The Minoan civilization declines due to many factors. In 1628 BC, there is a massive volcanic eruption, which is two hundred miles away. The explosion and the waves destroy the Minoans’ city. It is felt from China all the way to California. By 1500 BC, the Minoans tries to rebuild their city. The problem is that they cannot rebuild because of a weakened city. In 1450 BC, the Minoan world is invaded by a civilization, the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans will finish off the Minoans’ world. They were the second oldest group of Greeks. In 1871 AD, Heinrich Schliemann goes and seeks the legendary city of Troy. He carries with him one book entitled Iliad written by Homer. In the same year, he goes to Western Turkey in Hissar. There he finds a gigantic mound. He begins to dig straight down and discovers nine ancient cities. Some of them are older than Troy. 1873, he states that he discovers the legendary city of Troy and he goes to search for the legendary Greek king, Agamemnon who destroys the city of Troy. He later goes to Peloponnesus in 1878 and he discovers five bodies which he thinks is the legendary king, but is not. He instead discovers the city Mycenae and the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans build cities on top of hills which are about nine hundred feet high. There are gigantic walls around their cities. The walls are

Information Systems Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Risk Management - Essay Example Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.   One of the most pivotal contingency strategies is to have a high incremental cost of resources. Resources are often less expensive when they are bought in bulk, but expensive if they are purchased incrementally.   Hence, it is critical to have software and other resources purchased in bulk to avoid paying extra money.   Another key strategy is to have collaborative sessions on a day-to-day basis.   Often times the project falls behind because individuals are not aware of unexpected circumstances that can occur. Keeping on track with their progress on day to day basis can be truly helpful in the long run. This becomes problematic as the project due date comes closer since many smaller tasks may not be captured in the WBS itself.One of the biggest concerns for closing a project is the end the fin er details of the store. This becomes more problematic the project does not achieve optimal results. This is where the project may fall. For instance, The Project Manager should produce confirmation from the Senior User or User Group that the final product or outcome of the project meets the acceptance criteria.  Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Essay -- Julius Ca

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, the story revolves around the various individuals who would vie for control of the Roman Empire. All of these individuals exhibit various attributes, values, and techniques in order to facilitate this goal, from Cassius’ intelligence, Brutus’ charm and honor, to Antony’s gift to drive a crowd. And although all three desire to become the new strongman leader of Rome, it is Antony who succeeds gaining the most control through his own specific talents, most specifically noted at Caesar’s funeral. At the funeral scene, Antony exhibits several qualities beneficial to a Roman leader, such as oratory and appeasement skills. The dialogue depicted in Act III, scene ii provides a valuable and insightful perspective on how these values were desirable for leadership in the late Roman Republic. One of these important virtues necessary for rule is the ability to move a large crowd with impressive orating skills. This ability is seen particularly by Brutus in his first speech, as he manages to move the Roman crowd from fear at the assassination to disdain of the now late Julius Caesar. As Brutus spoke to the masses, he made sure to cleverly weigh his loyalty to Caesar to his loyalty to Rome, as he claims, â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more† (III, ii, 23-24). He even more cleverly sets the crowd with himself and against Caesar as he dares those loyal to Rome to challenge his judgement: â€Å"Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply† (III, ii, 33-36). Thus, while playing on the crowd’s loyalties and using his love for Rome and... ...and whipping them into a fury. This ability to appease, employed by Octavius later in history to much success, also characterizes the typical Roman strongman as the primary example of an exceptional leader. The capability of moving the public with strong words and to gratify their desires are indeed qualities advantageous to being a leader in ancient Rome. As Antony displays, these abilities can set an individual apart from his counterparts and place the upper hand in favor of the person with most control of the general public. Thus, his control of the crowds lends him the power he needs to turn the tables against Brutus and the conspirators, and he succeeds in gaining control of Roman leadership with his beneficial set of talents, abilities, and virtues. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992

How does culture affect diagnosis? Essay

Culture can affect the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, as different cultures have different attitudes to mental disorders. In Morocco, for example, it is thought you can catch a mental illness accidentally by encountering some sorcery, such as stepping on it. They truly believe mental disorders come from sorcery and evil things. This affects treatment and how the mentally ill person is seen – they are often feared as there is a possibility the evil could spread. Culture can also affect how much information a patient is likely to disclose. Casas (1995) found that a lot of African Americans do not like to share their personal information with people of a different race. Sue and Sue (1992) found that many Asian Americans don’t like to talk about their emotions and are more reluctant to admit to having a mental illness. Even when they do admit to being ill, they are not forthcoming in terms of discussing their symptoms with the therapist. This can affect diagno sis, as not all the symptoms may have been mentioned and so a suitable course of treatment cannot be easily formulated. One school of thought believes that culture does not affect diagnosis as mental disorders are scientific. The DSM was developed in the USA and is used widely in many other cultures. This is a valid use if mental disorders are clearly defined with specific features and symptoms. Basically, mental disorders are scientifically defined illnesses that are explained in a scientific way. Research evidence comes from Lee’s study (2006). This was conducted in Korea deliberately to see if the DSM-IV-TR was valid in a non-Western culture, and it was found that it was for ADHD. On the flip side, there are studies that have shown that culture can affect diagnosis. There are studies that have shown that culture can play an influential role in diagnosis. For example, symptoms that are seen in Western countries as characterising schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations, are interpreted in other countries as showing possession by a spirit, which render someone special in a positive way, not in a negative â€Å"disorder† way. Therefore, depending on cultural interpretations of what is being measured, the DSM is not always valid. A clinician from one culture must be aware that a patient from another culture is guided by their own frame of reference. It does seem to be the case that there are actual cultural differences in mental disorders like schizophrenia. It has been reported that catatonic  schizophrenia is on the decline and this could be because of health measures that prevent the development of this type of schizophrenia. Chandrasena (1986) reported more incidences of catatonia in Sri Lanka (21%) compared with 5% among British white people. However, it was also found that in Sri Lanka it was less likely that patients had received early interventions with drug treatment. This was not therefore a cultural difference in the attitude to the mental disorder, but a difference in treatment availability. After considering the pivotal role that culture plays in a person’s mental health, ideas have been put forward to overcome cultural bias in diagnosis. Ideas include: moving away from emphasis on first rank symptoms and interpretation as well as focus on more negative symptoms are they are more objectively measured. On problem with schizophrenia is that, first rank symptoms tend to be weighted as more important when making a diagnosis. First rank symptoms include hearing voices, delusions and disorganised thinking. However, first rank symptoms are also more open to interpretation, which means that there might be cultural issues with regard to interpretation. Flaum et al. (1991) found a lack of reliability when using the DSM with regard to first rank symptoms and that was with a similar sample from one culture. Therefore, it is likely that such unreliability would be magnified if we used first rank symptoms across different cultures. Similarly, with regard to diagnosis there should be greater emphasis on symptoms that are objectively measured. Flaum suggests that negative symptoms (for example poverty of speech) are more objectively assessed and measured than positive symptoms, like hallucinations. Minimising first rank symptoms and placing more emphasis on negative symptoms would mean less unrel iability with regard to diagnosis across cultures. Culture-bound syndromes are mental health problems (or other illnesses) with a set of symptoms found and recognised as an illness only in one culture. Penis panic is an example. In some cultures males may think that their penis will retract into their bodies- and women may think the same about their breasts. This is known as genital retraction syndrome. Such panics have been found around the world but mainly in Africa and Asia. Another example is â€Å"Hikikomori†, a condition which has attracted concern in Japan recently, affecting mainly male teens that are otherwise perfectly healthy. The condition makes them withdraw completely, locking themselves in their rooms for long periods of time (years). The Japanese government have  described â€Å"Hikikomori† as a social disorder rather than a mental disorder, and say it is representative of the economic downturn the country is going through.

Midterm Review Essay - 9272 Words

Chapter 16 1.) All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: Question options: | a) | availability of capital for investment. | | b) | a growing supply of labor. | | c) | abundant natural resources. | | d) | low tariffs. | | e) | federal land grants to railroads. | | | 1 / 1 point | 2.) By 1890, the majority of Americans: Question options: | a) | worked as farmers. | | b) | worked as independent craftsmen. | | c) | worked in the mining industry. | | d) | were moving into the middle class. | | e) | worked for wages. | | | 1 / 1 point | 3.) The second industrial revolution was marked by: Question options: | a) | a return to†¦show more content†¦| | b) | lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming. | | c) | the continued reliance on self-sufficient farming. | | d) | transportation modes other than the railroad. | | e) | the cooperation of the Plains Indians. | | | 1 / 1 point | 13.) What did hunters shoot while riding the railroads across the West? Question options: | a) | horses | | b) | deer | | c) | antelope | | d) | Indians | | e) | buffalo | | | 1 / 1 point | 14.) Which statement about Chief Joseph’s appeal to an audience in Washington, D.C., in 1879 is FALSE? Question options: | a) | He did not wish to speak to the audience, but had been coerced to do so by President Hayes. | | b) | He asked the white man for more than just talk, as he saw talk as broken promises. | | c) | He believed that the Indians and the white man could live in peace, without trouble between them. | | d) | He asked the policymakers of Washington to extend the same laws to the Indians as to the white man. | | e) | He attempted to convince his audience that its belief that Indians were like wild animals was false. | | | | 15.) What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? | a) | to prepare them for reservation life | | b) | to train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers | | c) | to convert them to Christianity so that they wouldShow MoreRelatedMidterm Review1485 Words   |  6 PagesInteractive Management Science MSamp;E 107/207, Midterm Review The Flaw of the Averages Mindle 1 / Uncertainty vs. Risk * Risk is in the eye of the beholder * Risk reflects how uncertain outcomes cause loss or injury to a particular individual or group * Risk attitude measures the willigness to incur risk in the quest of reward * Different risks to the same uncertainty Mindle 2 / An uncertain number is a shape * A distribution * â€Å"Uncertain numbers† * Risk is subjective Read MoreMidterm Review Essay963 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ MComm100†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©Mass†©Communication†©in†©Society†© Midterm†©Review†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©12th†©Ed†© (Chapters†©1†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©9)†© †© Understand†©the†©definition†©of†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœencoding’†© What†©is†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnegative†©feedback’?†© Characteristics†©of†©a†©mass†©communication†©audience†© What†©is†©a†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmedia†©vehicle’?†© Characteristics†©of†©mass†©communication†©organizations†© What†©vehicles†©have†©increased†©the†©mobility†©of†©the†©mass†©mediaRead MoreMidterm Review2002 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Federal Circuit Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. Claims Court. 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