The First Transition Era ( Thomas Edison s Motion Picture...

From the early invention of Thomas Edison’s motion picture camera, to the blending of sound with pictures and to now day’s big budget movies; Films have been evolving throughout the 20th century. The main reason for the alteration was due to the rapid advancement in technology. One of the key factors that shapes how we perceive a movie, is its sound. Just by changing the tempo and the volume of score, a filmmaker can make viewers have better interpretation of the movie. Through the course of time, music has been important in movies, even in silent films. Then, in the late 1920’s, the arrival of synchronized sound changed how movies were made forever. After the memorable transition era (1930-1950), arose the Post-Studio-Era (1950-1980) were†¦show more content†¦Due to not having the technology to sync video with dialogue sound together, the music played a significant role in expressing the sailors; in the other words the sound of the film carried the stor y of the movie. The score of the film caught the audience attention by its loud and aggressive sound. (in the title scene, we hear loud marching sound). and the angry emotions of the sailors was portrayed.) There was a lot of use of percussion instruments which created stress and tension to the silent movie. Battleship Potemkin had a massacre scene which was called Odessa steps, where innocent mothers and children were getting killed by the Russian soldiers; that scene had bold percussion sound which came from the bass drums. Throughout the movie, the sound followed the actions of the characters effectively. In battleship Potemkin Emotions of the characters like anger and displeasure were expressed by the orchestral music. For example, in these scene (in the morning scene, we see the displeasure that the sailors were feeling.) There was a change of sound when a character alters their emotion or feeling. Even though, the sound of Battleship Potemkin didn’t have a dialogue, t he movie still managed to create an ominous feeling by using loud live music and effects. Silent film is a milestone in the evolution of film music. After the silent movie era, the first words on screen was heard by usingShow MoreRelatedHistory of Movies1050 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mid 1800’s. The first â€Å"movies† were plays, shows, and musicals. People enjoyed watching these in their free time, but Eadweard Muybridge was the first person to think about putting pictures in motion to make a story. The evolution of the movie went from black and white pictures, to color, sound and finally to 3-D film. So, just think about trying to create the 3D effect or even how movies were created. Directors, artists, and inventors took hundreds of years to create the very first movie, whichRead MoreFtv 106a Essay9564 Words   |  39 Pageshired Muybridge to take pictures of racehorses and prove or disprove this o 1877 – Muybridge built special track with a camera house with 12 electrically operated cameras, and a marked fence along the track to give precise measurements of a horse’s position in each shot → each camera fitted with an electromagnetic shutter that could take photos in succession = he discovered that horses do life all four legs off the ground; this was a huge breakthrough in visual study of motion o He could put theseRead MoreCinematic History Essay2418 Words   |  10 Pagesmoving pictures, started during the ending of the 19th century. The radio was invented around that time, but it was not accessible for home use until later. So the people of that time had to go stage shows to be entertained, such as vaudeville shows, or operas, or plays. Nickelodeons were around then, but they were used in bars, dance halls, and for the wealthy they were used for parlor tricks when guests would visit. Other than that it was books (Kiel 23). As far as pictures wentRead MoreIntroduction to Film Cinema and Literature12137 Words   |  49 Pagessolution in 1877. He arranged a series of still cameras along a stretch of race track and each camera took its picture as the horse sprinted by. The result of the photographs proved Leland Stanford right thereby making him win the bet. But rather than forgetting about the event, Muybridge had a brilliant idea which was inspired by the pictures of the horse. He therefore began taking pictures of numerous kinds of human and animal actions. Those pictures were displayed through the Zoopraxiscope, a machineRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesfactory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economicRead MoreHollywood History5698 Words   |  23 PagesMay 2010 [pic] [pic] Foreword 1. The beginning of Hollywood 2. The name †Hollywood† 3. The movie of S. Porter - â€Å"the father of the Story Film† 4. The Hollywood sign 5. The growing film industry 6. The new Hollywood 7. The beginning of the Academy Awards 8. The Golden Age of Hollywood 9. Hollywood during the War Years 10. Stars Conclusion Bibliography Foreword I have always been fascinated by the Hollywood’s world, a world of mixture between realityRead MoreGe And The Industrial Internet6766 Words   |  28 PagesBenchmark Score 7 Table 2: SWOT 10 Table 3: Alternative #1 15 Table 4: Alternative #2 15 Table 5: Alternative #3 16 Table 6: Alternative #4 17 â€Æ' Executive Summary About a decade ago in 2004, GE was hailed as the most valuable company on Earth. But the picture today is not the same. GE is not even the largest in the US in terms of value. Giants like Google and Apple have made huge leaps in terms of value. With the latest industry trends, GE has started realizing that it needs to get much better at softwareRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages 6:52 PM Page ii 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page iii THE INNOVATOR’S DNA MASTERING THE FIVE SKILLS OF DISRUPTIVE INNOVATORS Jeff Dyer Hal Gregersen Clayton M. Christensen H A R VA R D B U S I N E S S R E V I E W P R E S S BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page iv Copyright 2011 Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton M. Christensen All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesstrategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General ElectricRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesStates and throughout the world? How can companies renew and sustain those factors in the face of the business slowdowns and major fluctuations that challenge the longterm continuation of profitable earnings? As we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national

In The Experiment, Students Conditioned Planaria To Either

In the experiment, students conditioned planaria to either avoid or approach light. The process included a learning phase and a memory phase for both experiments 1 and 2. The planaria were placed in a plywood track to be trained. Conditioning for approach light was done by shining the light on the planaria for 30 seconds and then turning the light off. When the light was off, air was blown at the heads of the planaria so that they turned around. This process was repeated and trials were recorded for when the planaria turned on their own without the puff of air. The same process was done for conditioning the planaria to avoid light, except the planaria received puffs of air to the head with the light shining on them. The second portion†¦show more content†¦The subjects were either given a placebo or a moderate dose of caffeine; three different memory tasks were then conducted. Though the results showed no evidence that caffeine had an effect on memory, it showed that pe rformance levels were better when subjects had been exposed to caffeine (Kelemen Creeley, 2001). With the information for previous experiments, the basis of this experiment was formatted. The current study, like the previous, also looks at the effect that exposure to caffeine can have on the test subject’s performance. The whole experiment is divided into two parts, experiment 1 and experiment 2. The first portion of the experiment looks at the difference between training planaria to turn around in two different conditions. The planaria were either trained to approach the light or avoid the light by using the positive punishment of blowing puffs of air at the heads of the planaria until they turned around. The second portion of the experiment used the same training conditions as the first portion but looked at the effect the exposure to caffeine had on the planaria, specifically, the number of trials that were conducted to get the planaria to turn around on their own. T he experiment was then conducted after forming two hypotheses, one for experiment 1 and one for experiment 2, to use as a guideline. Based on the current knowledge about planaria and their natural habitat, it can be hypothesized for experiment 1 that it will require fewer trials for

Government Regulation on Media in America Free Essays

The government is the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states. Media is the means of communication, such as radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet which influence people broadly. The mainstream American media information presented to the public viewers is selected by the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Government Regulation on Media in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outside of government institutions, no other unit has more influence in determining policy decisions and elections more than the mass media. Although the framers of the Constitution could never have envisioned the increase of mass media that we enjoy today, they were very aware that the press would play a serious role in the growing democracy. It’s no coincidence that freedom of the press constitutes the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. The media’s role in government goes back to the colonial era, when daily newspapers were the only source of political as well as other news for the colonists. The media has transformed intensively over the past 200 years. Most of the change has occurred since the mid-1990s, with the advent of the Internet and all-news cable television channels. As these and other communication technologies keep on evolving at the speed of light, the role of the media in government will also continue to modify. The Internet has become an immense factor in the media, primarily the major social networks, because it communicates frankly without the filter of editors, publishers, and corporate parents similar to Viacom, Disney, Time-Warner, and General Electric. In a democracy, the free flow of information, ideas, and opinions is vital. The media has three primary responsibilities: setting the agenda, investigating the institutions of government, and facilitating the exchange of ideas and opinions. Elected officials, nonelected government workers, and political candidates spend a considerable amount of time figuring out ways to shape media coverage. The following five techniques are most normally used. Staged events are the most common way to attract media coverage. In 1994, the House Republicans had a â€Å"signing ceremony† on the Capitol steps to launch their â€Å"Contract with America† campaign theme. The event received enormous press coverage. An off-the-record conversation is another technique. Politicians, bureaucrats, and candidates have off-the-record conversations with reporters when they want to propagate certain information, but don’t want that information associated with them. Reporters usually attribute off-the-record comments to anonymous or unnamed sources. Sound byte is where the most elected officials are skillful at giving â€Å"sound bites† (concise and colorful quotes) to reporters. Officials who consistently deliver the best sound bites usually receive the most coverage. New York senator Chuck Schumer is regarded as a terrific source of sound bites. From time to time government officials will float â€Å"trial balloons†, anonymous program or policy thoughts to the press in order to gauge the public’s feedback. Trial balloons allow officials to test ideas or potential appointments without taking responsibility for them. During the recent stem-cell research debate, the White House floated a trial balloon about keeping the controversial research on embryonic stem cells legal, but decided against it after the administration’s conservative base reacted negatively. Last, there is a technique called leaks. Almost every day in Washington, confidential information is passed from government officials to the media. Leakers do this for one of two reasons. First, to cast a negative light on their opponents and second to strengthen their point of view on a particular matter among their colleagues. Investigations in particular tend to be common with leaks. There were so many leaks during the Monica Lewinsky investigation that the leaks themselves became a separate legal inquiry. Although the Constitution promises freedom of the press, the government does regulate various media. Print media are for the most part unregulated, and newspapers and magazines can print almost anything as long as they don’t insult anyone. The Internet has also gone mostly unregulated; despite congressional efforts to restrict some controversial fulfillments. Broadcast media, however, are subject to the most government regulation. Radio and television broadcasters must attain a license from the government because according to American law, the public owns the airwaves. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issues these licenses and is in charge of managing the airwaves. The FCC also acts as a police agency of the airwaves, and it can fine broadcasters for violating public decency principles on the air. The FCC can even revoke a broadcaster’s license, keeping him off the air permanently. For example, he FCC has fined radio host Howard Stern plentiful times for his use of profanity. They also fined CBS greatly for Janet Jackson’s â€Å"wardrobe malfunction† during the halftime performance at the Super Bowl in 2004. The government is involved in media doctrines. The Federal Communications Commission has also established rules for broadcasts relating to political campaigns. The equal time rule, which states that broadcasters have to supply the same broadcast time to all candidates for a specific office. The right of rebuttal, which requires broadcasters to make available an opportunity for candidates to reply to criticisms made against them. A station cannot air an attack on a candidate and not succeed to give the objective of the attack a possibility to respond. The fairness doctrine, states that a broadcaster who airs a controversial program is required to provide time to air opposing views. The FCC has not obligated the fairness doctrine since 1985, and some claim that the FCC has taken a lax come up to enforcing the other regulations as well. The government has also regulated ownership of media outlets to make sure that no one broadcaster monopolizes the market. Since the 1980s the government has loosened limitations on media possession, and Congress accepted the Telecommunications Act in 1996 to permit companies to possess even more media outlets. Due to the loosening of tenure boundaries, more and more media outlets are declining under the power of a few colossal corporations, an inclination called media consolidation. The Hearst, Knight Ridder, and Gannett corporations own the majority of the nation’s newspapers, whereas Clear Channel Communications owns numerous radio stations. Huge companies also have the major networks and other television stations. The Walt Disney Corporation, for example, owns ABC and ESPN, along with the Disney Channel, and Viacom owns CBS and MTV. Meanwhile the Rupert Murdoch’s Media Corporation owns all of the Fox channels, several radio networks, satellite television providers, and newspapers in many countries. And Time-Warner owns dozens of magazines, counting Time, Life, and Sports Illustrated, as well as the CNN and Turner television networks. Critics challenge that media consolidation confines consumers’ choices because a small number of companies own all the media outlets. They fight that consolidation is not competitive and that corporate owners might control or influence news coverage. Some critics also lament the homogenization of American culture due to media consolidation. Because radio and television formats have turn out to be more and more uniform, people all through the country receive the same broadcasts. It is not clear if the FCC has the ability to regulate cable television. The FCC is entitled to regulate those who broadcast over the airwaves because the people own the airwaves. Cable television is not sent through the airwaves. Cables transmit the programs directly into people’s houses. Seemingly this means that cable television cannot be regulated, but some members of Congress have still required doing so. I have come to believe that media is important in the government because it’s the primary source of political information for most people, so it plays a big role in democracy. Also, I notice the way a point is transmitted affects how the message is received. Television, for example, is a visual medium, so viewers will surely be affected by images. Plus, media tends to provide more facts and details than television. The media has massive power within the American Government because just about all Americans get their news from the media instead of from other people or other sources. Media coverage shapes how Americans recognize the world and what they consider to be important. Voters and politicians comparable must pay attention to the media. In the American political system, the media perform a number of functions important to the self-governing process. The media reports the news, serves as a mediator between the government and the people, helps agree on which issues should be discussed, and keeps people energetically involved in society and politics. In the United States, the media plays a big role in socializing people to American society, culture, and politics. Much of what young people and immigrants learn about American culture and politics comes from magazines, radio shows, and television. Many people worry that juvenile people are exposed to too much violence and sex in the media, knowing the effect it will have on children’s views and development. The media also provides a public forum for debates between political leaders. During campaigns, opposing candidates often broadcast advertisements and debate with each other on television. Many voters learn a great deal about the candidates and the issues by watching these ads and debates. Even during years without elections, though, the news media allows elected official to explain their actions via news stories and interviews. In this way the government has the power to control people though its subliminal messages. It has the ability to brainwash or give an image of what may be wrong or right through its regulations. How to cite Government Regulation on Media in America, Papers

Interpersonal Relationships Professional Communication

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Relationships for Professional Communication. Answer: Introduction: Decision-making is regarded as another quality among the managers that provides a new insight and ongoing creativity in the management activities and leadership in the operations of organization. In an organization, the quality of sound decision-making is the major essence of leadership. This particular skill of manager is the choice from the available alternative course of action; it is a discrete phenomenon and commitment to action and is driven by rationality. For many years, decision making in organizational worldview has been a serious educational and organizational issues. Quality of decision making in any organization depends upon the managerial style and the techniques employed by them in the course of decision-making (Block, 2016). Decision-making is considered an important aspect of modern management and is one of the primary function. Sound decision-making is one of the major job of managers. Actions of managers and organization is determined by decisions and is the key part of their activities. It is one of the indispensable component of the process of management itself and it helps in pervading all the managerial actions. Quality of decision-making forms the basis of effectiveness of management. There are several variables of decision making and this comprise of style of decision, levels of decisions, rational decision process and intuitive decision process (Boud Brew, 2013). Level of decision related to how complex, important and critical the decision-making is. Decision style deals with the degree of participation in the decision process. Participation is regarded as time-consuming activity in corporate world. Hence, manager needs to invest time when taking critical decisions. Rationality is regarded as the classic approach of decision-making and it offers a desired solution with sequential steps. In this, there is a corresponding alternative method and deals with the identification of problem for solving the problem. There are different factor considered when analyzing the problems. Under the intuitive decision process, the mindset of people form the basis of judgement (Arnold Boggs, 2015). This is done based on consequences of problems. Literature review on decision-making skill for managers in making positive contribution to their careers consist of few sections. These sections includes role of managers in making decision in an organization, understanding the importance of process of decision making, factors that influence the decision making, communication in decision making and ethics and decision making model. The entire management process and the function of managers is facilitated by this skill and a proper background for the first managerial activity called planning is provided by this skill (Kaner, 2014). Literature review enabled identification of resemblance of what needs to be investigated and what needs to be done regarding the role of the managerial skill. Decision making skills enables the managers to work more effectively. The leadership decision making process have been influenced by several factors and there are four main themes that emerged in the literature. They are good communication, listening skills, trust, dialogue, and interpersonal relation with the teams. Understanding the process of decision-making is essential as it influences the employees of organizations (Cummings Worley, 2014). Ability of choosing right choice depending upon the problem is regarded as the matter of decision-making. Rather than wavering, an individual must concentrate on making good decisions. This particular skill plays a vital role in the life of managers, as they are able to solve the issues faced by organization in advance. Manager from the planning stage requires this skill until settling or controlling stage. This concern with the entire goals and policies of organization. The various problems faced by an organization such as better utilization of resources, increasing overall efficiency, motiving employees, achieving objectives and innovating ideas would be solved using the skill of decision making (Cameron Green, 2015). The main factors influencing the decision making in an organization is explained with the help of Kurt Lewin methods decision-making process and leadership style. Study of organizational behavior over the number of years has led to number of useful models for decision-making in any organization. Issues, challenges, and decision-making would help the managers in becoming efficient, dynamic and success in organizations. Managers must be educated about the relevant concerns and needs of the business and this would enable them to become dedicated and visionary leaders for leading the business. For example, an owner of business who is manager himself should consider all the possible alternatives while making decisions. Style of leadership decision-making needs to be established for maintaining appropriate contingency model (Winston et al., 2013). Activities of management involves motivation, inspiration, change and this call for managers to take the necessary decisions that are align with them. Managers needs to have critical thinking skills and they should be able to respond promptly to situations. Managers should be capable of pointing out several areas of improvement. Good judgement of the leaders requires that their educational grounding is firm so that they are able to influence a group of people. Possessing such skill of making decision in the organization would enable the managers in pursuing the professional goals, exercising initiatives in social situations and becoming self-confident. It would make them willingness to accept the consequences of the organizational decisions. Managers need to possess several key skills for becoming a decision maker (Slootweg, 2015). They should put their emotions aside, positivity, negativity of their decisions should be weighed every time, and they should be prepared to accept the consequences. When owning a small business, it is very essential to possess the traits of good leaders and displaying the skill of decision-making would help them throughout their careers. This is in regard to attracting the clients, creditors and investors. Such skill would help managers in effectively managing the task at workplace. They would become aware of the skills that are required in controlling the environment that is both external and internal. They would be able to place the organization in best position and this will enhance their career growth. They would be able to properly manage the employees in any organization and helped in running different department efficiently and maximizing the production. Ability of managers to take critical decisions will help them to gain respect and invest their time and efforts in promoting the growth of organization (Romiszowski, 2016). Crux of management of any enterprise is the decision-making skill of mangers. Managers having the skill would help the organization in achieving the goals and it would be aligned with managers personal goals. A manger would contribute to his or her career and provide a boost to growth id they inculcate the skill if decision making in themselves. Such skill would help the managers in managing the conflict at workplace, motivating the subordinates, managing the time and priority at ease and all this will indirectly contribute to their career development (Pedler et al., 2013). Decision-making helps the mangers in facing new problems and challenges. As the new problems arise, decisions are required to be taken regularly. This may be due to the changes in the external environment and managers are able to deal with this using this particular skill. While discharging the duties, managers are required to take corrective and quick decisions. Managers are paid for their capacity of skills, decision-making and maturity. Managers would be able to take perform management activities when they are able to take good decisions. Better decisions would provide the managers with the opportunity of their growth in career. This particular skill helps in empowering the people working in teams and contributing to success of organization and helps the mangers in integrating quick actions and would enable them to take solutions that are focused on challenges and achievement of goals. Managers become reliable and adaptable when the take sound decision making in the work process of organization. It might happen that managers lose confidence in themselves, this is demonstrated by creation of conflict, and they might have feeling of inadequacy (Winston et al., 2013). Conclusion: From the above discussion of decision-making skill of mangers, it is clearly depicted that such skill plays a very crucial in the career development of managers. This particular skill is developed in the leaders and sometimes it is regarded to be inherent. However, it is suggested by literature there are various factors that forms the basis of decision-making process taken by managers in an organization. Such skill is regarded as key component of managerial activities. Managers are provide with better choices if they possess such skills and they provide a crucial competency for effectiveness in human resource management. This would make the advancement in the career development of managers. Mangers would be able to develop competencies in the communication and this would help in evaluating the outcome and effectiveness of career development. It can also be concluded form the discussion of literature review that managers are able to develop competencies in career development when taki ng decision making in the organizational and managerial process. Career management of managers comprise of the development of various managerial skills and decision-making is one of the key skill in this aspect. Reference: Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Block, P. (2016).The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Boud, D., Brew, A. (2013). Reconceptualising academic work as professional practice: Implications for academic development.International Journal for Academic Development,18(3), 208-221. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Kaner, S. (2014).Facilitator's guide to participatory decision-making. John Wiley Sons. Nicholls, G. (2014).Professional development in higher education: New dimensions and directions. Routledge. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T. (2013).A Manager's Guide to Self-development. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Romiszowski, A. J. (2016).Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning and curriculum design. Routledge. Slootweg, R. (2015). A study of personal learning profiles of managers and the potential effect on professional development of teaching staff.The Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, Innovation Change,1(1). Winston, R. B., Creamer, D. G., Miller, T. K. (2013).The professional student affairs administrator: Educator, leader, and manager. Routledge.

The Negative Effects of Music Videos on our Children Essay Example

The Negative Effects of Music Videos on our Children Essay Abstract: Several studies indicate a correlation between music videos and violent behavior of adolescents. The findings also show a connection between the imagery displayed in the videos and inappropriate sexual attitudes and conduct. The lyrics tend to have a significant corrupting influence on the youth. Particular genres such as hip-hop, gangsta rap and heavy metal are found to be more damaging to children than the rest. The racial attitudes and interpersonal relations of teenagers can be influenced by the music they watch. Introduction: Music Videos have defined contemporary culture the last 50 years. The mass appeal of the art form brings with it both advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, it inspires, entertains and stimulates, while on the flip side it can inculcate unsavory behaviors and attitude among the youth. The young viewer must show caution in choosing the beneficial ones from the lot. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Music Videos on our Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Music Videos on our Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Music Videos on our Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The majority of music video fans are teenagers and young adults, who are at an impressionable period of their lives. The youngsters can turn out to be anti-social if they idolize their attractive music stars, whose life-style is regarded as â€Å"extreme† and â€Å"on the edge†. To be fair, most role models are beneficial. The youth need a little bit of discretion in ignoring that minority of â€Å"stars†, who are more notorious than famous. If such discretion is not exercised the anti-social behavior exhibited by the stars tends to get treated as the norm, which can have severe consequences in the personal lives of the followers. The violence acted out will be perceived as heroic. What is required is a more realistic portrayal of violence, which will show how ugly and undesirable aggression is and will serve to thwart similar behavior in the viewers. Music is an essential part of growing up and helps shape one’s personality. Unfortunately, this aspect has been used by television networks to manipulate the youth into believing certain cultural and gender stereotypes. Violence and the Music Video: The later part of the 20th century had seen a disturbing development. The greatest threat to the health of American adolescents in recent decades is violence induced injuries and death. During the 1990’s, nearly 70% of all teenage deaths are a result of violence – accidents, manslaughter, homicides, etc. In 1994 in particular 357,000 teenagers were assaulted badly enough so as to require emergency medical treatment. A further 3569 of them eventually succumbed to their injuries. Adding to the alarm, the number of juvenile arrests for violent crimes during the year was recorded at 150,000 that included 6000 rapes and 85,300 aggravated assaults. The years following 1994 had seen similar statistics. Research also reveals a strong correlation between previous exposure to violence and aggressive behaviors in adolescents. It is in this context that the relation between violence and the music video scrutinized. (Rich, Woods, et. al. 1998) A big chunk of adolescent television viewing is taken by music videos and there is a reason – it captures the young viewer’s attention by powerfully engaging their emotions. For example, teenagers form nearly three fourths of MTV viewer-ship and they spend, on average, 6 hrs a week watching the channel. As much as 22% of the programming contained depictions of violence. Of these videos 63% of the violent acts are performed by young adults. This strong relation between media violence and real-life violence raises some serious concerns about the effects they have on the perceptions of adolescents as to what is normally safe and how to secure it. (Rich, Woods, et. al. 1998) Effects on Interpersonal Relations: Music has long been associated romantic love – an elevating feeling no doubt. But alongside the agreeable, there has also been a steady output of music with questionable effects on male-female relationships. Teenagers’ approach to conflict resolution is potentially vulnerable to the impact of music video depictions. Taking this threat into account, The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association, among other medical organizations, have started advising health care professionals to inform their patients that media exposure is a risk factor for general well-being. (Rich, Woods, et. al. 1998) If the sheer volume of violence in music videos is not bad enough the manner in which it is portrayed undermines interpersonal relationships and hence regarded as critical factors in children’s health and risk behaviors. In trying to address this issue, the counselors, school authorities and the public representatives must also take into account â€Å"the potent messages and role models in music videos and other mass media.† (Rich, Woods, et. al. 1998) Threat Posed by the Lyrics: The song lyric has been an important medium of thought for centuries. The lyric is also a simpler of poetry, with its own aesthetic appeal. Its simplicity and unique aesthetic appeal had easily enabled it to enter the public discourse – and one has to admit that the world is better for it. And as with any art form, the music lyric had also evolved over the years. An issue of concern for parents and pediatricians like is that of drastic changes manifest in song lyrics over the last 40 years. There is no doubt that they have become more explicit, especially with regard to sex and drugs. One genre that is of great concern is the â€Å"gangsta rap†, which can have a corrupting influence on the young and impressionable. (Pediatrics 1996) â€Å"Such lyrics are of special concern in today’s environment, which poses unprecedented threats to the health and well-being of adolescents. Pregnancy, drug use, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (and other sexually transmitted diseases), injuries, homicide, and suicide have all become part of the landscape of everyday life for many American teens.† (Pediatrics 1996) The Effects on Sexual Behavior: The formats of music videos are universally popular among children and young adults. When the lyrics are run as subtitles in the videos, their impact is increased manifold. Even if they don’t understand or recognize the lyrics, they cannot avoid the associations therein, both implicit and explicit. Moreover, the videos are self-reinforcing – the mind automatically does a flash-back to the video just at a mere hint of the song tune ever after. The music video is thus a powerful psychological tool. Unfortunately, the format had now become a breeding ground for sexism, substance abuse and risky sexual behavior. (Pediatrics 1996) Studies indicate that up to 75% of concept music videos, which have a certain theme, contain sexually suggestive material. More than half of them also contain violent acts committed against women. Women were sometimes portrayed in a derogatory manner. The use of alcohol and tobacco were projected as glamorous and fashionable. All of this is bound to lead teenage viewers to dire consequences. (Pediatrics 1996) â€Å"A handful of experimental studies indicate that music videos may have a significant behavioral impact by desensitizing viewers to violence and by making teenagers more likely to approve of premarital sex. In one study, eliminating access to MTV decreased the frequency of violent acts among teenagers and young adults in a locked treatment facility.† (Pediatrics 1996) The Offending Genres: Of late, hip-hop has captured the imagination of listeners. Hip-hop is an unconventional music form that requires a lot of originality and talent on part of the performers. The current popularity of hip-hop is a welcome addition to the rich body of music. But a note of caution – studies indicate that adolescents who listen to hip hop and rap are more likely to drug addiction and aggressive behavior than those who listen to other genres such as country, folk or western. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism made another study which showed similar results – youngsters who watch music with references to drugs and violence also tend to do drugs and have behavioral problems themselves. Other music genres of concern are reggae and techno, whose listeners were found to be susceptible to alcohol and substance abuse. When compared to other genres, â€Å"rap music was consistently and positively associated with use of alcohol, malt-liquor, potential alcohol-use disorder, marijuana, club drugs, and aggressive behaviors.† (Brown University Letter 2006) In light of these facts, the contemporary youth should add a little caution to their musical enjoyment. Most teenagers think of their favorite songs as about innocuous and acceptable themes. But, a significant few display a radical attitude toward their music. Studies have shown that a preference for heavy metal music has strong implications for â€Å"alienation, substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, suicide risk, sex-role stereotyping, or risk-taking behaviors during adolescence.† (Pediatrics 1996)

Free Essays on Ethical Relativism

Ethical relativism is a theory in which the point of ethics and their universality is brought out. Implying that for every different culture there will be a different code of ethics, for any given time. Within this paper I discuss the certain implications that go along with ethical relativism. Which are tolerance towards other cultures and there views. Also that there is no moral argument possible. And that ethics becomes conformity in which ones conforms to any given culture. Also I discuss briefly the views of the Ruth Benedict and Solomon Asch, which both have written about ethical relativism. Ethical relativism is when no ethical principles are universally valid at the same time. All moral principles are valid relative to cultural tastes. The rules of the society serve as a standard. Simply stated, it means that there are no intrinsically right or wrong actions. According to that particular social community. What is universally socially acceptable is widely variable. Therefore we as a society may not impose a universal set of laws when it concerns ethics. If moral standards go no deeper than social customs, no one way of doing things is any better or worse than the next. Ethical relativism gives way for three implications concerning ethics. The first is ethical relativism preaches tolerance towards different cultures and their ethics. Giving cultural freedom in which no one culture can forcible institute their laws of ethics on another culture. Ethical relativism also develops the argument that no moral argument is possible. And it also says that to become ethical means, one will have to conform to a culture given ethics. CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Ethical judgments and moral rules always reflect the cultural context from which they are derived and cannot be immediately applied to other cultural contexts. Having tolerance for others’ ethics is closely related to cultural relativism... Free Essays on Ethical Relativism Free Essays on Ethical Relativism Ethical relativism is a theory in which the point of ethics and their universality is brought out. Implying that for every different culture there will be a different code of ethics, for any given time. Within this paper I discuss the certain implications that go along with ethical relativism. Which are tolerance towards other cultures and there views. Also that there is no moral argument possible. And that ethics becomes conformity in which ones conforms to any given culture. Also I discuss briefly the views of the Ruth Benedict and Solomon Asch, which both have written about ethical relativism. Ethical relativism is when no ethical principles are universally valid at the same time. All moral principles are valid relative to cultural tastes. The rules of the society serve as a standard. Simply stated, it means that there are no intrinsically right or wrong actions. According to that particular social community. What is universally socially acceptable is widely variable. Therefore we as a society may not impose a universal set of laws when it concerns ethics. If moral standards go no deeper than social customs, no one way of doing things is any better or worse than the next. Ethical relativism gives way for three implications concerning ethics. The first is ethical relativism preaches tolerance towards different cultures and their ethics. Giving cultural freedom in which no one culture can forcible institute their laws of ethics on another culture. Ethical relativism also develops the argument that no moral argument is possible. And it also says that to become ethical means, one will have to conform to a culture given ethics. CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Ethical judgments and moral rules always reflect the cultural context from which they are derived and cannot be immediately applied to other cultural contexts. Having tolerance for others’ ethics is closely related to cultural relativism...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Case Study Example Ahmed. It is not possible to cure Mr. Ahmed. Under these circumstances, Nurse Janet Simpson suggested the family members to talk with Dr. Hopkins and the staff Imam from pastoral care sitting in a conference room. The Imam explained to Doctor Hopkins that according to their religious belief, cessation of brain activity is not considered as death of a human being. At the same time, the Imam explained the family members that according to the medical staff, very soon Mr. Ahmed’s brain would cease functioning. It would be considered as death, even though cardiovascular system might still function. As time passed, Mr. Ahmed became a brain dead person. Dr. Hopkins again approached the family with the same request, to turn off the ventilator. However, family members did not agree to it, and Nurse Simpson also reminded Dr. Hopkins about what the Imam said. Dr. Hopkins was in a quandary. She answered the Nurse; â€Å"By the death, we mean brain death and that is the law†. Shite religious beliefs do not consider that the cessation of brain activity is death of a human being. This is Mr. Ahmed’s familys religious belief. This is client’s autonomy. This is client’s family’s autonomy. Dr. Hopkins, as a physician understands that she has to fulfill her medical duty by turning off the ventilator, because the patient is a brain dead person. This is Dr. Hopkins autonomy as a physician. She cannot exercise this autonomy. Her act may be classified as malfeasance, or considered to be against the beneficences to Mr. Ahmed and his family. The dilemma is a situation in which the choices of one of two opposing decisions are equally difficult. Dr. Hopkins choice is to turn off the ventilator or stay with the Shite religious belief. She understands that Mr. Ahmed medically is a dead person. Keeping the ventilator on she cannot perform a miracle. At the same time, she understands she has to follow Shite Muslim cultural tradition. Dr. Hopkins